JURNAL ILMIAH

Since 2008, district/city governments in Aceh have received special autonomy funds transfers from the central government. This study aimed to assess the absolute and conditional convergence of HDI in Aceh, and examine the effect of special autonomy funds and other socio-economic variables on HDI conditional convergence during the implementation of special autonomy in Aceh. The data used were secondary data with panel data covering 23 districts/cities in Aceh in 2008-2017. The analysis model used was the convergence model with the Fixed Effect panel regression analysis approach; testing analytical tools used the Hausman Test, Chow Test, and statistical tests. The regression results of the fixed effect model revealed that the occurrence of absolute HDI convergence in districts/cities in Aceh. The estimation of conditional convergence indicated that population density played a significant and significant role in driving the convergence of HDI districts/city. Special autonomy funds had a positive influence but were not significant to encourage the HDI convergence process. It was also followed by the number of working people who did not significantly influence the HDI. Therefore, policymakers in districts/cities in Aceh must continue to pay serious attention in an effort to accelerate human development, through human development priorities sourced from Aceh's special autonomy fund.


A. Introduction
Over the past few decades, the policies of regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization from the central government to the regions have been implemented in many countries.Indonesia officially implemented Regional Autonomy in 2001 which was followed by the granting of authority delegation and fiscal transfers to the regions.Specific fiscal transfer policies or special treatment are also applied by the Government of Indonesia, especially for the Aceh Province and Papua Province.In 2008, Aceh officially obtained a special autonomy fund transfer from the Indonesian Government as mandated by Law No. 11/2006 concerning the Government of Aceh (UUPA).Special autonomy fund transfers received by Aceh are equivalent to 2 percent of the total National General Allocation Fund (GAF) for a period of 15 years and equivalent to 1 percent for the next 5 years.At the beginning of 2008, the number of special autonomy funds amounted to Rp. 3.59 trillion, significantly increasing the amount of regional income to almost Rp.16 trillion compared to 2007 which only amounted to Rp. 11.6 trillion (World Bank, 2008).
Special autonomy funds are intended to finance and fund to fund the construction and maintenance of infrastructure, community economic empowerment, poverty alleviation, and financing the education, social and health sectors.The special autonomy fund is a gift that is expected to provide long-term benefits in an effort to improve the welfare of the community and encourage economic growth and quality human development in a fair and equitable manner in the districts/cities in Aceh.Although regional revenues in all District/City Governments have increased dramatically, the impact on human development progress can still be questioned.In this connection, the question that arises is whether the transfer of special autonomy funds can reduce the gap or the occurrence of convergence in human development between districts/cities in Aceh.
The theoretical studies of convergence have been extensively investigated and widely publicized.Almost all studies test the convergence hypothesis by analyzing income inequality between countries, such as the Neoclassical growth model, Barro (1991), Barro and Sala-1-Martin (1995),

Irwan Safwadi
JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences {181 and Heng and Siang (1999).Two conventional concepts are most often applied, called β-convergence and σ-convergence.Convergence related to the Human Development Index has been traced by Mazumdar (2002), Sutcliffe (2004) and Noorbakhsh (2006).Another study was conducted by Konya and Guisan (2008) who used conventional concepts and tests for βconvergence and σ-convergence which resulted in the world being converged in the sense that relatively underdeveloped countries managed to increase their HDI faster than the average developed countries, even though the convergence process is rather slow.
In India, research related to human development and its convergence characteristics has been carried out by Dholakia (2003), Noorbakhsh (2003), Ghosh (2006), Roy and Bhattacharya (2009), Gaur (2010), and Banerjee and Kuri (2015).Noorbakhsh (2003) proves that there is a difference between β and α for human welfare in the major countries of India during the years 1981-1991.Meanwhile, Roy and Bhattacharya (2009) state that absolute β convergence in HDI is not significant α- The analysis model used is the convergence model with a panel regression analysis approach accompanied by testing the analytical tool  ) it ) E ( + it ) = 0 for all i, j, and t This means that the error component does not correlate with each other, including also there is no autocorrelation between the cross-section and the time series.

Testing Analysis Tool a. Hausman Test
Hausman Test is a statistical test as a basis for consideration in choosing whether to use a fixed-effect model or random-effect model.
Hausman statistical value follows the chi-square distribution as follows:

b. Statistic Test
Statistical testing is intended to find out whether the model used is the right model to describe the relationship between variables and whether there is a significant relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable, consisting of the t-test, F-test and coefficient of determination R 2 .To find out conditional convergence panel data regression is used with the addition of several control variables (referred to as exogenous variables).The estimation used to measure conditional convergence is the panel data regression equation from Baro andSala i-Martin (1991, 1992, The Impact of the Special Autonomy Fund on the Convergence of the Human Development Index

Irwan Safwadi
JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences {185 1995, 2004) and several applications from other researchers with the following equation: where is an exogenous variable which is estimated to contribute to the human development index.
Other methods for measuring beta convergence generally require an estimate of the equation proposed by Manfort ( 2008), namely: where is another factor that affects the human development index.
Another measurement for measuring conditional convergence is the estimation formula from Lall and Yilmaz ( 2001) with the panel data regression equation as follows: Where Z is a vector of additional regional characteristics k and D are vectors of regional dummy variables.The T is a vector of time t the dummy variable.
Based on these equations, the estimation model used in this research variable is as follows: = + β1logHDIit-1 + β2logDO+ β3 + β4 log + β5log + Where: : parameter or elasticity coefficient of each variable; HDIit : regional human development index i in year t; HDIit-1 : regional human development index i in year t before; DOit : Special autonomy fund i in year t; KMit : Percentage of poor people in area i in year t KPit : Regional population density i in year t; PBit : Percentage of Regional Working Population i in year t Overall the special autonomy funds allocated to district/city governments in Aceh during the period 2008-2017 continued to increase along with the increase in the National General Allocation Fund (Table 2).

C. Finding and
During the period 2008-2017, except for balance funds, the special autonomy fund made the largest contribution to the revenue of the regency/city Government in Aceh compared to other revenue components, such as Regional Original Income (ROI).This illustrates that the district/city Government in Aceh is still very dependent on the acceptance of special autonomy funds in financing development and providing services to the community, and this condition is not good for fiscal independence in the long run.Moreover, income from the special autonomy fund is a type of income that does not guarantee continuity.
The acquisition and distribution of special autonomy funds varies from district to city.In 2008, the regions that obtained more funds included East Aceh District, Gayo Lues, Nagan Raya, South Aceh, and Central Aceh.
In 2017, the largest special autonomy fund transfers were dominated by East Aceh, Gayo Lues, Nagan Raya, South Aceh, and Southeast Aceh.There is no change in position, which means that the district/city is the biggest recipient of special autonomy funds, given the distribution and allocation of funds transfers based on established rules.It is a good idea to reconsider the distribution of funds that takes into account the achievements of development progress and the problems that exist in each district/city.1990).HDI is a policy tool (Spangenberg, 2015) which is a comprehensive result of various factors (Niu et al., 2013)  The working population is an important factor in the production process, in addition to capital resources.More and more residents who work will accelerate economic activity and have an impact on increasing income and people's welfare.In Aceh, adequate working populations were concentrated in Bireuen District, in addition to North Aceh, Pidie, East Aceh and Aceh Besar Districts (Table 4).There was no drastic change in the distribution of population working in the district/city, during the period 2008-2017.In the period 2008-2017, high population densities were dominated by urban areas, including Banda Aceh, Lhokseumawe, Langsa, and Sabang (Figure 2).Ideally, population density can encourage an increase in HDI considering the population as a potential to expand market share and concentrated economic activities which ultimately increases people's income.Table 4 shows the results of the estimation of absolute HDI convergence in Aceh.In absolute convergence analysis using OLS dynamic panel, it was found that the convergence process between districts/cities in Aceh occurred.This can be seen from the coefficient of the HDI lag which is less than one, which is equal to 0.9270 which is statistically significant at the 0.01 and 0.05 significant levels.In other words, there has been a convergence of HDI in Aceh during the implementation of special autonomy funds in Aceh (2008-2017 period).
The occurrence of HDI convergence in Aceh means that the increasingly advanced regions of HDI are already optimal and areas that are slow to progress in HDI are increasingly moving, in line with the implications of the existence of special autonomy funds that are used in education and health development.Thus, catching up has taken place towards the steady-state.
Human development convergence (HDI) that occurs between districts/cities in Aceh, is in line with the findings of Noorbakhsh (2006) and Konya and Guisan (2008).Noorbakh found interstate convergence during 1975-2002 with a very slow pace of convergence during this period.While Konya and Guisan who observed HDI during the period 1975-2004 among 101 countries, also tended to be convergence, although underdeveloped countries needed a long time, almost nine decades.
Meanwhile, referring to the findings of Guisan, Aguayo, and Exposito (2001), Guisan and Aguayo (2007) and Guisan and Exposito (2006), it should be considered further that districts/cities in Aceh need comprehensive efforts to encourage further convergence in the acceleration human development.The role of education, in addition to The Impact of the Special Autonomy Fund on the Convergence of the Human Development Index

Irwan Safwadi
JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences {193 increasing spending on health and per capita income for districts/cities whose HDI is still low (below the average HDI Aceh) is important to prioritize.

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Table 8 shows the results of the estimation of conditional convergence in Aceh.In conditional convergence analysis using the Dynamic Fixed Effect panel, it was found that the convergence process between districts/cities occurred.This can be seen from the coefficient of HDI lag which is less than one, which is equal to 0.7822 which is significant at the real level of one percent.However, in other explanatory variables, the special autonomy fund, the poor, population density, and working population showed varied results.Only the population density variable which is very instrumental in supporting the convergence of HDI districts/cities in Aceh and is significant at the real level of one percent.The special autonomy fund which is a transfer from the Central Government to Regency/ City Governments in Aceh as a stimulus to improve community welfare and human development also shows a positive influence but is not significant to encourage the process of convergence of human development.In accordance with its rules, special autonomy funds The Impact of the Special Autonomy Fund on the Convergence of the Human Development Index

Irwan Safwadi
JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences {195 are used to finance and fund the construction and maintenance of infrastructure, community economic empowerment, poverty alleviation, and financing the education, social and health sectors.
The broad scope of utilization of these funds allows a small impact in encouraging the acceleration of human development convergence in Aceh.As an important note, Gayo Lues Regency as the second-largest recipient of special autonomy funds only ranked 21st HDI from 23 regencies/cities in 2017.Nine years ago, the HDI ranking was 23rd, which is the last rating of human development Aceh.

D. Conclusion
Absolute convergence based on the fixed effect model proves that there is convergence in human development as measured by HDI according to districts/ cities in Aceh or not the occurrence of divergence.
However, estimates of conditional convergence show alarming findings.It was recognized that the special autonomy fund had a positive effect on HDI, but it was not significant to encourage the HDI convergence process.Technology and Higher Education.The researcher gives high appreciation and thanks for this funding support, hopefully, it will be useful for the progress of the nation.

Bibliography
Aritenang, Adiwan F. (2009).The Impact of Government Budget Shifts to Regional Disparities in Indonesia: Before and After Decentralization.MPRA.
Banerjee Arpita and Kuri Pravat Kumar, (2015).Development in Disparities in India, An Enquiry into Convergence.India in Business and Economic, Springer.
used.For the analysis model, the Fixed Effect and Random Effect models are used.Testing the analysis tool using the Chow Test, Hausman Test, and statistical tests.Effect ModelIn the Random Effect model, it is assumed that there is an intercept difference for each individual and each individual is a random or stochastic variable.The Random Effect form is explained in the must be met in the Random Effect model are: for rejecting the null hypothesis, Hausman statistics are used and compared with Chi-Square K-free tables.If the Hausman statistical value is greater than the critical value of Chi-Square statistics, the null hypothesis will be rejected, which means the estimation of the Fixed Effect model is better than the Random Effect model.
Beta convergence is used to measure the convergence of the human development index in Aceh.Beta convergence consists of absolute convergence and conditional convergence.To measure absolute convergence the panel data regression equation is used as follows: = α + β ln ( ) + where y is the human development index, i shows the region and T denotes the time period from the initial year of study (t-1) and until the end of the year, T. α is the constant and β coefficient of the initial human development index.If the coefficient value is negative or less than zero, it means convergence, and if the value is positive it means there is a divergence of the human development index.

Discussion 1 .
Trends in Special Autonomy Funds, HDI, and The Poor Special autonomy funds are one of the sources of Aceh and Regency/City Revenues as contained in article 197 paragraph 2c of Law No. e-ISSN: 2443-2067 JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences 186} 11/2006.Special autonomy funds are intended to finance development, especially the construction and maintenance of infrastructure, people's economic empowerment, poverty alleviation and educational, social and health funding (Article 183 paragraph 1 of the Aceh Government Law).
. High HDI shows the success of health, education and economic development.On the contrary, low HDI shows the failure of the development of health, education, and the economy of a region.From 1995-2009, the Human Development Report used a set of indicators for maximum and minimum values for life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, and gross enrollment rates and real GDP per capita.In its development, the 2010 Human Development Report (HDR 2010), introduced several improvements to HDI.The report presents new indicators for HDI, including the average length of the school and school life expectancy in lieu of gross enrollment and adult literacy rates and Gross National Income replacing Gross Domestic Product (GDP).e-ISSN: 2443-2067 JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences 188} The highest rating of HDI in Aceh is dominated by urban areas, which include regions not the biggest recipients of special autonomy funds, such as Banda Aceh City, Lhokseumawe, Langsa, and Sabang.This situation still occurs throughout 2008-2017, although the HDI of Sabang

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Population Density According to Districts/Cities in Aceh in 2008-2017 (Person/km 2 ) Abundant special autonomy funds have not been fully able to significantly encourage the equal distribution of human development in Aceh.Ideally, the transfer of special autonomy that has received the District/City Government in Aceh since 2008 has been able to encourage improvements in community welfare as measured by HDI.Likewise, the variable number of working people turned out to be insignificant in encouraging HDI convergence.The Impact of the Special Autonomy Fund on the Convergence of the Human Development Index Irwan Safwadi JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences {197 Regarding these findings, the Aceh Government and Regency/City Governments in Aceh should continue to make efforts to accelerate the convergence of human development, through the implementation of development programs that can support the acceleration of HDI improvements, such as education and health development expenditures, and economic empowerment directed at regions areas where human development achievements are below the Aceh average.This study only examines a number of variables in looking at HDI convergence in Aceh.The limitations of this study are the basis for other researchers to look further and comprehensively analyze other factors related to human development convergence.Other variables, such as per capita health expenditure, per capita education expenditure, capital expenditure, and non-economic variables (corruption index) can be considered for the continuation of this research in the future.Capital expenditure is thought to have a greater impact on society.For the corruption index, this is reinforced by the many cases of corruption in Indonesia, including Aceh, which need to be studied carefully and their effects on the convergence of human development.This research was funded by the Directorate of Research and Community Service Directorate General of Strengthening Research and Development of the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Research,

Table 1 .
Descriptive Statistics Jorda and Sarabia (2014)001.Banerjee and Kuri (2015)found that HDI convergence in India was more influenced by the components of the labor force participation rate, literacy rate, percentage of population below the poverty line, maternal mortality rate, and student-teacher ratio.Other research was conducted byJorda and Sarabia (2014)who tested the concept of beta convergence in cross-country living standards during the period 1980-2012.His findings indicate that there is absolute convergence for human well-being (HDI indicators) through conventional linear specification models.On the other hand, the income and education index shows a non-linear pattern and the speed of convergence of all indicators is higher and linear but does not apply to the health index.that, linking special autonomy funds and HDI convergence and other socioeconomic variables is a novelty in this study.Special autonomy funds are The Impact of the Special Autonomy Fund on the Convergence of the Human Development Index

Table 2 .
Trend of District/City Special Autonomy Funds in Aceh in2008 -2017 (Rp.million)    (Rp.million) JIP-TheIndonesian Journal of the Social Sciences {187 Source: Central Bureau of Statistics Aceh, 2018 HDI is one indicator to measure the progress of development in a region.HDI is formed based on three dimensions: namely longevity, knowledge, and standard of living (standard of living) in a region (UNDP, City in 2008 was ranked 7th, out of 23 regencies/cities in Aceh.The city of Banda Aceh, as the center of the government of Aceh has a very high HDI value of 83.95 in 2017, an increase from 2008 which was 76.74.Availability of adequate public service facilities (education, health, and infrastructure) and better access to employment, it is very reasonable that the progress of human development in Banda Aceh City is far better than other districts/cities in Aceh.
The city of Lhokseumawe once nicknamed the petrodollar region in Aceh because of the availability of large industries (PT Arun, PT PIM, PT AAF) ranked second with an HDI value of 76.34 in 2017.Then, Langsa City with HDI was 75.89.On the other hand, the smallest areas of HDI were 62.88, namely Subulussalam City, Simeulue Regency with 64.41, and South Aceh District with 65.03.The Human Development Index according to districts/cities in Aceh during 2008-2017 is presented in (Table 3).poor population for five years from the implementation of special autonomy policies in Aceh.In 2017, areas with a poor population above the remaining 20 percent are 7 districts, from 23 regencies/cities.The highest percentage of poor people is concentrated in Singkil and Gayo Lues Districts, each at 22.11 percent and 21.97 percent.In fact, Gayo Lues is the second-largest recipient of special autonomy funds, after East Aceh Regency, it is still squeezed from the problem of poverty.e-ISSN: 2443-2067 JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences 190} Figure 1.Poor People According to Districts/Cities in Aceh in 2008-2017 (Percent) Source: Central Bureau of Statistics Aceh, 2018

Table 5 .
Estimation of Absolute Convergence Regression b. Conditional Convergence The positive and significant findings of the absolute convergence model require further conditional convergence models.Referring to the results of the Chow and Hausman test, the fixed effect model is more suitable than the Random Effect model to assess HDI's conditional convergence in Aceh that is associated with the Aceh special autonomy fund and other independent variables.The Chow test results as shown in table 6 and the Hausman test results in table 7.

Table 6
Chow Tests Source: Data Processed e-

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Table 8 .
Estimation of Conditional Convergence of Fixed Effect Models and Aritenang(2009)states that in order to overcome gaps in each region, budget transfers from the central government are needed to local governments to accelerate the process of convergence.The findings above have been applied by the The elasticity of the poor population of HDI is -0.020, which means that for every 1 percent increase in poverty in districts/cities in Aceh, HDI decreases by 0.020 percent.
Based on the estimation of the fixed effect model, a negative coefficient value is obtained and a significant level of 10 percent is e-ISSN: 2443-2067 JIP-The Indonesian Journal of the Social Sciences 196} significant between poverty and HDI.information, and knowledge in production.Thus, through training and education, workers will be able to have expertise in better production which is expected in the long run to have a positive impact on human development.