Digital Citizenship In Civic Education Learning: A Systematic Literature Review

This paper aimed to analyze digital citizenship in civic education learning, focusing on the practice and implications of digital citizenship in civic education learning. This article provided a systematic review of 41 selected articles from the SCOPUS database of digital citizenship in civic education learning by analyzing content as a methodology for assessing the practice and implications of citizenship in civic education learning. The review identified the practice of digital citizenship in civic education learning from the dimensions of respecting, educating, and appreciating the practice of citizenship. The results of the literature review analysis revealed that the practice of digital citizenship is often used in political participation, democratic participation, citizen involvement, and being a citizen in the digital era. The implications of digital citizenship in civic education learning were still centered on materials such as politics, democracy, and citizen involvement. Another implication was that students, teachers, and curriculum are the most critical aspects of digital citizenship in the future. Some literature tries to carry out this study. Civic education is the central pillar in promoting digital citizenship in schools and the community.


A. Introduction
People around the world today spend time interacting using various technologies. This interaction has created a digital society that provides opportunities for its members in various areas of life, including work, education, entertainment, and social interaction (Bailey & Ribble, 2007). Based on reports, Indonesian internet users continue to increase every year. In 2021, Hootsuite and We Are Social reports revealed that Indonesian internet users increased 15.5% from 2020, or around 27 million increases in the last 12 months, reaching 202.6 million of Indonesia's total population of 274. Nine million people (Hootsuite, 2021).
The high number of internet users is caused by one of the main features: accessing social media. Most of the world's people use social media as part of their lives, both for work and interacting with others. The characteristics of social media, among others, are that it is easily accessible by everyone, thus making social media material for daily consumption without exception for students. Most social media is used as a medium of communication that cuts the distance between one person and another.
Social media exists without being limited by time and space, making it an extension of the human body (Saputra, Siddiq & Huda, 2020). Based on a report, it was revealed that social media users are dominated by productive age, namely the range of 13-34 years, amounting to 77.3% with a percentage of 40.9% men and 36.4% women from the total active users of social media, which is 170 million people (Hootsuite, 2021). The community's high percentage of social media users must be accompanied by excellent and correct digital use abilities or skills. In response, digital citizenship has become synonymous with the responsible use of digital technology.
Over the past 20 years, several studies and documents have documented the rapid growth in large numbers of a mission of US schools to prepare elementary and middle school students to become digital citizens, which many have come to regard as the availability of digital and mobile technologies. And also the increasing development of internet use (Ribble, 2012). According to a recent report from UNESCO, the pandemic Iwan Fajri et al.

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has led to an unprecedented uptake in technology for distance learning.
The report revealed that around 94% of teachers use video conferencing to deliver course material, and 87% use social media to stay connected with students and parents. Meanwhile, many teachers have started incorporating digital technology in the learning process to promote students and practice distance teaching and online assessment (Hoskins & Donbavand, 2021).
Changes in human activities previously carried out in real life, or direct are now done online or through cyberspace. It has caused a shift in the meaning of citizenship into new capabilities that allow citizens to consume information networks beyond physical boundaries and engage in civic activities online (Banaji & Buckingham, 2003). This new form of citizenship causes citizens to be connected to the internet and technology, where people can participate in online societies, which some experts have called digital citizenship (Choi, 2016;Ohler, 2011). Hobbs and Jensen (2009) describe digital citizenship as the skills and knowledge needed to be effective in an increasingly social media environment. Furthermore, some experts state that digital citizenship aims to realize acceptable online behavior, responsible use of technology, and appropriate norms for online actions (Ohler, 2011;Ribble, 2011).
Citizenship education aims to form excellent and responsible citizens and has good character. Digital citizenship education based on life values is an alternative for developing citizens in the digital era (Komalasari et al., 2021). In the current perspective, civic education has been highlighted to promote active citizens in the digital world (Choi, 2016). Students are educated to have national values and norms to have the character of responsibility and obligation to be good citizens as part of classroom learning activities. Researchers have carried out several studies on citizenship and the internet. Among these studies, some examine how cultural citizenship can play a role in modern media society or internetbased communities (Choi, 2016). On the other hand, there are several December 3, 2021, using "digital citizenship" and Civic education." The author tries to limit the articles that are considered most related to the writing of this article on SCOPUS to maintain the quality of the articles produced. The articles analyzed in this literature review are the results of research in the field; proceedings and books identified in the search process are discarded to maintain the quality of the articles to be analyzed.
According to Martin et al. (2021), SCOPUS is the most trusted citation index database in the world's platform for finding quality scientific information.

C. Result and Discussion 1. Result
The literature review results identified 40 articles that were reviewed in a process related to digital citizenship and citizenship education. The results of the study are presented following research questions (1) Digital citizenship practices used in civic education learning and (2) Implications of digital citizenship practices on civic education learning performance (students, teachers, materials, curriculum, and policies).

a. The digital citizenship practices used in teaching citizenship education
The authors identify selected literature on digital citizenship and civic education published in Scopus-indexed international journals in this question. After the analysis, it was found that there were 41 research articles related to digital citizenship with existing dimensions and civic education with scientific knowledge (Table 1).   Kahne et al., 2013Kahne et al., , 2018Kahne et al., , 2019Kahne & Bowyer, 2016). Furthermore, the digital citizenship dimension is also used in civic education in preservice teacher preparation programs (Yang et al., 2018). Moreover, it is also applied to other fields, such as teacher and student opinions about digital citizenship education (Tangül & Soykan, 2021), teachers as digital citizens (Choi et al., 2018), and assessing the learning process of digital citizenship education (Bowyer & Kahne, 2020).
More detail about the development of digital citizenship in civic education learning is seen in Figure 1. The trend of applying for digital citizenship in educational learning is described in Figure 1 (Table 2). From the literature that has been analyzed, it is known that the most analyzed material aspects relate to the dimensions of digital citizenship. This aspect of the material is not an in-depth analysis of the material from civic education but how to study citizenship education in general (Choi, 2016) and specific such as political participation, citizen involvement, and democratic participation, which are then linked to digital citizenship in the current era (Choi, 2016). 2016; Kahne & Bowyer, 2016).  In the following analysis, aspects of students and teachers are also involved in the implications of digital citizenship in the learning process of civic education. One study by Choi et al. (2018) revealed that teachers must have good digital citizenship to teach students in the internet era.
The study also revealed that the background, level of internet use, and the teacher's characteristics affect the level of digital citizenship. Further findings, teachers have a low level of digital citizenship, especially on the internet politics aspect and critical perspective.
Another study conducted by Yang et al. (2018) focused on educators. The study results revealed that students must be equipped with various digital citizenship indicators before teaching the material to students. In these findings, pre-service teachers have a strategic role in instilling digital citizenship in future students. More clearly, Figure  On the aspect of student implications, a survey study conducted on high school students revealed that students lacked an understanding of digital citizenship practice, namely, only 37.1% of students. The study also showed that students use of mobile devices had increased, which led to the need for monitoring by parents and students. On the material aspect, Choi (2016) research investigated democratic citizenship education in the internet era by examining the concept of digital citizenship. In this study, researchers analyzed the contribution of digital citizenship to students' democratic attitudes in the internet era.

Discussion
The findings of this study present an overview of the literature from empirical research on digital citizenship studies in the context of civic education learning. This literature review has contributed to overcoming the research gaps mentioned above and provides insight into the digital citizenship indicators that have been carried out and aspects of the implications in civic education learning. This study provides information and contributes to research that will be carried out on digital citizenship in the aspects of the implications that have been discussed in This study confirms that knowledge about digital citizenship needs to be improved through teaching materials in each subject and curriculum policies in each school (Al-Abdullatif & Gameil, 2020). Given that internet use among students is relatively high, students are risking their personal safety, online reputation, and future employability and putting themselves and others at risk due to their misuse of technology (Choi et al., 2018;Ren & Zhu, 2022). Therefore, further empirical studies are needed to analyze the importance of inculcating digital citizenship values; the essential aspect that needs to be improved is increasing digital citizenship knowledge for students in civic education and every school subject.

D. Conclusion
Based on the analysis of digital citizenship in teaching citizenship education, it is necessary to emphasize several points in the analyzed literature review. The citizenship dimensions analyzed relate to respect (digital ethics, digital access, and digital law), educational dimensions (digital literacy, digital communication, and digital commerce), and respect dimensions (digital rights, digital security, and digital health). The practice of digital citizenship often carried out by civic education learning is digital access, digital literacy, and digital communication. The practice of digital access in civic education learning is used as a tool to promote the importance of being a good citizen in the internet era. In practice, digital literacy is used to explore civic education knowledge such as political participation, democratic participation, and online engagement in the digital era.
Meanwhile, in sharing information on developing social issues, social media has become the most widely used tool for digital