Cultural Barrier in the Regeneration Process of Islamic Political Party in Indonesia
Abstract
This research aims to describe the cultural barriers of the National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa or PKB) in promoting its members as candidates in direct presidential and vice-presidential elections. In the four general elections from 2004 to 2019, PKB failed to place its members as candidates. This condition is presumed to be due to cultural barriers embedded within the party’s internal dynamics and the cadre system. The research method employed in this study combined qualitative descriptive approaches by integrating literature studies with Focus Group Discussions (FGD) involving seven (7) competent informants comprising three media editors, two academics, one activist, and one politician. The data obtained from the FGD is the primary guide to trace document data. The data presentation involves triangulation of FGD data, document data, and field observation results. The data findings revealed three main pieces of evidence for cultural barriers: first, egocentrism of leaders and personal dependence, which refers to the positions of Kyai and Islamic Boarding Schools (pesantren) in the PKB cadre system; second, obedience that erases critical thinking, and third, the presence of the “green blood” identity, which holds privileges in the PKB’s cadre ship system. These three cultural barriers are not unique to PKB but are shared by most Islamic political parties in Indonesia.
References
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Fox, C.A., & Menchik, J. (2023). Islamic Political Parties and Election Campaigns in Indonesia. Party Politics, 29(4), 622–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688221091656.
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Gueorguiev, D., Ostwald, K., & Schuler, P. (2018). Rematch: Islamic politics, Mobilization, and the Indonesian Presidential Election. Political Science, 70(3), 240–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2019.1584733.
Haris, M., Yuwanto, Yuwono, T., & Sardini, N.H. (2020). The Dynamics and Existence of Islamic Party in 2019 General Election: Case Study of Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 10(2), 409–432. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V10I2.409-428.
Hariyanto, E., Cahyani, N., Susylawati, E., Long, A. S., Qudsy, S. Z., & Supraptiningsih, U. (2024). The Resistance of Madurese Muslim Society to the Development of Non-Muslim Tourism Objects. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 12(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v12i1.1108.
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Hudson, D., McLoughlin, C., Margret, A., & Pandjaitan, Y. (2020). Leadership, Identity and Performance: The Nature and Effect of ‘Prototypicality’ in Indonesia. Politics and Governance, 8(4), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i4.3553.
Ishomuddin, I. (2014). Continuity and Change of Political Culture: Study on Scientific Insights and Political Understanding on Politicians of Political Parties in Indonesia. (2014). Asian Social Science, 10(16), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n16p61.
Lay, C. (2017). Political Linkages between CSOs and Parliament in Indonesia: A Case Study of Political Linkages in Drafting the Aceh Governance Law. Asian Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 130–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2017.1297243.
Li, T.M. (2019). Politics, Interrupted. Anthropological Theory, 19(1), 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499618785330.
Mauk, M. (2022). Stable Support for Democracy in East and Southeast Asia? Examining Citizens’ Trust in Democratic Institutions. East Asia, 39(3), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-021-09381-y.
Menchik, J. (2019). Moderate Muslims and Democratic Breakdown in Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 43(3), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2019.1627286.
Mietzner, M. (2020). Authoritarian Innovations in Indonesia: Electoral Narrowing, Identity Politics and Executive Illiberalism. Democratization, 27(6), 1021–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1704266.
Mietzner, M, & Muhtadi, B. (2020). The Myth of Pluralism: Nahdlatul Ulama and the Politics of Religious Tolerance in Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 42(1), 58–84. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs42-1c.
Mietzner, M. (2013). Money, Power, and Ideology: Political Parties in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. NUS press.
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Nurjaman, A., Suprapto, B., & Masmuh, A. (2018). Nationalist VS Islamic: The Dynamic of Politik Aliran in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 26(3), 2009–2020. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/pjssh/browse/regular-issue?article=JSSH-2225-2017.
Platzdasch, B. (2009). Islamism in Indonesia: Politics in the Emerging Democracy. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Power, T.P. (2018). Jokowi’s Authoritarian Turn and Indonesia’s Democratic Decline. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 54(3), 307–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2018.1549918.
Shah, T.S., & Taylor, C.H. (2021). The “Ashoka Approach” and Indonesian Leadership in the Movement for Pluralist Re-Awakening in South and Southeast Asia. Review of Faith and International Affairs, 19(2), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2021.1917149.
Syatar, A., Imran, M., Ilham, M., Kurniati, K., Marilang, M., & Marjuni, K. N. (2023). Examining Call for the Dissolution of Indonesian Ulema Council: Siyāsah Syar’íyyah Perspective. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 22(2), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i2.6678.
Tamma, S., & Duile, T. (2020). Indigeneity and the State in Indonesia: The Local Turn in the Dialectic of Recognition. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 39(2), 270–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420905967.
Ufen, A. (2018). Party Presidentialization in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Contemporary Politics, 24(3), 306–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2017.1413499.
Yahya, M., Kasnawi, M.T., & Fahmid, I.M. (2016). Involution Politics (Study of the United Development Party (PPP) on Electoral Legislative Reform Era in South Sulawesi). Social Sciences (Pakistan), 11(22), 5434–5439. https://doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2016.5434.5439.
Yakub, A., & Armunanto, A. A. (2022). Under Family Control: The Trend of Sole Candidate Elections in Indonesia. International Area Studies Review, 25(4), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/22338659221120972.
Yuda, T.K. (2021). The Complementary Roles between Clientelism and Familism in Social Policy Development. Social Policy and Administration, 55(7), 1370–1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12738.
Yuda, T.K., & Kühner, S. (2023). Bringing Indonesia into the Global Welfare Regime Debate: A Literature Review and Future Research Agenda. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 17(2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12275.
Zada, K., Suparta, M., Ruswadi, B., Dahri, H., & Sahid, M. M. (2022). Constitutionalizing Sharia: Identity and Independence of Islamic Politics Among Students. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 21(2), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6954.
Zainuddin, M. (2015). Plurality of Religion: Future Challenges of Religion and Democracy in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 9(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2015.9.2.151-166.
Ahmad, J., Firmanda, H., & Wafi, M. H. (2023). Models and Political Attitudes of Fundamentalist Groups in Indonesian Presidential Elections. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 11(2), 569–590. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v11i2.903.
Argenti, G., Paskarina, C., Darmayanti, N., & Deliarnoor, N.A. (2022). Post-Islamism in Indonesia: Analysis of Islamic Political Party Programs in the 2019 National Elections. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 11(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2022-0011
Arifianto, A.R. (2021). From Ideological to Political Sectarianism: Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, and the state in Indonesia. Religion, State and Society, 49(2), 126–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2021.1902247.
Arlen, G., & Rossi, E. (2021). Must Realists be Pessimists about Democracy? Responding to Epistemic and Oligarchic Challenges. Moral Philosophy and Politics, 8(1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1515/mopp-2019-0060.
Aspinall, E., Weiss, M. L., Hicken, A., & Hutchcroft, P.D. (2022). Mobilizing for Elections: Patronage and Political Machines in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press.
Asrinaldi, Yusoff, M.A., & Karim, D.Z.A. (2021). Oligarchy in the Jokowi Government and its Influence on the Implementation of Legislative Function in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057891121995564.
Berenschot, W., & Mulder, P. (2019). Explaining Regional Variation in Local Governance: Clientelism and State-Dependency in Indonesia. World Development, 122, 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.021.
Bush, R. (2009). Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power within Islam and Politics in Indonesia. In Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power within Islam and Politics in Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Bush, R. (2002). Islam and Civil Society in Indonesia: The Case of the Nahdlatul Ulama. University of Washington.
Chamankhah, L. (2022). From Political Islam to Civil Religion: The Possibilities of a Pluralistic Constitution and its Impact on Human Rights in Post-Revolutionary Iran. Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam, 12(1), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2022.12.1.125-144.
Djawas, M., Hasballah, K., Devy, S., Kadir, M. A., & Abda, Y. (2022). The Construction of Islamic Inheritance Law: A Comparative Study of the Islamic Jurisprudence and the Compilation of Islamic Law. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 21(2), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.7495.
Elizabeth, M. Z., Safitri, R. M., Sholihan, S., & Arikhah, A. (2023). Gender-Based Conflicts in Political Parties: Male Domination in Central Jawa’s Politics. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 25(4), 1-13. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol25/iss4/15.
Faisal, A., Saidah, S., Mukrimin, M., Zakirah, Z., & Darwis, R. (2023). Sociological and Political Constraints of Islamic Sharia Enforcement in South Sulawesi Indonesia. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 22(1), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i1.8604.
Fariana, A. (2021). Legal politics as a catalyst in forming sharia economic legal system in the Indonesia’s new order and reform era. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 21(2), 197–212. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v21i2.197-212.
Fealy, G. (2007). The Political Contingency of Reformmindedness in Indonesia’s Nahdlatul Ulama: Interest Politics and the Khittah. In Islamic Legitimacy in a Plural Asia. pp. 154–166. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203933404.
Fionna, U., & Tomsa, D. (2020). Changing Patterns of Factionalism in Indonesia: From Principle to Patronage. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 39(1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103419896904.
Fox, C.A., & Menchik, J. (2023). Islamic Political Parties and Election Campaigns in Indonesia. Party Politics, 29(4), 622–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/13540688221091656.
Giglioli, M.F.N. (2020). Plutocratic Leadership in the Electoral Arena: Three Mitteleuropean Cases of Personal Wealth in Politics. Comparative European Politics, 18(3), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-019-00187-0.
Gueorguiev, D., Ostwald, K., & Schuler, P. (2018). Rematch: Islamic politics, Mobilization, and the Indonesian Presidential Election. Political Science, 70(3), 240–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323187.2019.1584733.
Haris, M., Yuwanto, Yuwono, T., & Sardini, N.H. (2020). The Dynamics and Existence of Islamic Party in 2019 General Election: Case Study of Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 10(2), 409–432. https://doi.org/10.18326/IJIMS.V10I2.409-428.
Hariyanto, E., Cahyani, N., Susylawati, E., Long, A. S., Qudsy, S. Z., & Supraptiningsih, U. (2024). The Resistance of Madurese Muslim Society to the Development of Non-Muslim Tourism Objects. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 12(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v12i1.1108.
Hatherell, M., & Welsh, A. (2021). The National Narrative, Indonesian Domestic Politics and Grand Strategy BT - The Struggle for the National Narrative in Indonesia (M. Hatherell & A. Welsh (Eds.). pp. 109–150). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3811-4_5.
Herdiansah, A.G., Djuyandi, Y., & Sumadinata, W.S. (2019). Extending Aliran Politics in Electoral Contest: An Insight of Indonesia’s Democracy in the Post-2014. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4), 518–545. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338536784.
Hudson, D., McLoughlin, C., Margret, A., & Pandjaitan, Y. (2020). Leadership, Identity and Performance: The Nature and Effect of ‘Prototypicality’ in Indonesia. Politics and Governance, 8(4), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i4.3553.
Ishomuddin, I. (2014). Continuity and Change of Political Culture: Study on Scientific Insights and Political Understanding on Politicians of Political Parties in Indonesia. (2014). Asian Social Science, 10(16), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n16p61.
Lay, C. (2017). Political Linkages between CSOs and Parliament in Indonesia: A Case Study of Political Linkages in Drafting the Aceh Governance Law. Asian Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 130–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2017.1297243.
Li, T.M. (2019). Politics, Interrupted. Anthropological Theory, 19(1), 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499618785330.
Mauk, M. (2022). Stable Support for Democracy in East and Southeast Asia? Examining Citizens’ Trust in Democratic Institutions. East Asia, 39(3), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-021-09381-y.
Menchik, J. (2019). Moderate Muslims and Democratic Breakdown in Indonesia. Asian Studies Review, 43(3), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2019.1627286.
Mietzner, M. (2020). Authoritarian Innovations in Indonesia: Electoral Narrowing, Identity Politics and Executive Illiberalism. Democratization, 27(6), 1021–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1704266.
Mietzner, M, & Muhtadi, B. (2020). The Myth of Pluralism: Nahdlatul Ulama and the Politics of Religious Tolerance in Indonesia. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 42(1), 58–84. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs42-1c.
Mietzner, M. (2013). Money, Power, and Ideology: Political Parties in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. NUS press.
Niam, K. (2020). Between Unity and Diversity Resketching the Relation between Institutional-Affiliated Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals and the Government (1990-2001). Journal of Indonesian Islam, 14(2), 477–498. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2020.14.2.477-498.
Nurjaman, A., Suprapto, B., & Masmuh, A. (2018). Nationalist VS Islamic: The Dynamic of Politik Aliran in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 26(3), 2009–2020. http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/pjssh/browse/regular-issue?article=JSSH-2225-2017.
Platzdasch, B. (2009). Islamism in Indonesia: Politics in the Emerging Democracy. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Power, T.P. (2018). Jokowi’s Authoritarian Turn and Indonesia’s Democratic Decline. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 54(3), 307–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2018.1549918.
Shah, T.S., & Taylor, C.H. (2021). The “Ashoka Approach” and Indonesian Leadership in the Movement for Pluralist Re-Awakening in South and Southeast Asia. Review of Faith and International Affairs, 19(2), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2021.1917149.
Syatar, A., Imran, M., Ilham, M., Kurniati, K., Marilang, M., & Marjuni, K. N. (2023). Examining Call for the Dissolution of Indonesian Ulema Council: Siyāsah Syar’íyyah Perspective. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 22(2), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i2.6678.
Tamma, S., & Duile, T. (2020). Indigeneity and the State in Indonesia: The Local Turn in the Dialectic of Recognition. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 39(2), 270–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420905967.
Ufen, A. (2018). Party Presidentialization in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Contemporary Politics, 24(3), 306–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2017.1413499.
Yahya, M., Kasnawi, M.T., & Fahmid, I.M. (2016). Involution Politics (Study of the United Development Party (PPP) on Electoral Legislative Reform Era in South Sulawesi). Social Sciences (Pakistan), 11(22), 5434–5439. https://doi.org/10.3923/sscience.2016.5434.5439.
Yakub, A., & Armunanto, A. A. (2022). Under Family Control: The Trend of Sole Candidate Elections in Indonesia. International Area Studies Review, 25(4), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/22338659221120972.
Yuda, T.K. (2021). The Complementary Roles between Clientelism and Familism in Social Policy Development. Social Policy and Administration, 55(7), 1370–1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12738.
Yuda, T.K., & Kühner, S. (2023). Bringing Indonesia into the Global Welfare Regime Debate: A Literature Review and Future Research Agenda. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 17(2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12275.
Zada, K., Suparta, M., Ruswadi, B., Dahri, H., & Sahid, M. M. (2022). Constitutionalizing Sharia: Identity and Independence of Islamic Politics Among Students. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 21(2), 195–206. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v21i2.6954.
Zainuddin, M. (2015). Plurality of Religion: Future Challenges of Religion and Democracy in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 9(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2015.9.2.151-166.
Published
2024-05-30
How to Cite
NASTAIN, Muhamad et al.
Cultural Barrier in the Regeneration Process of Islamic Political Party in Indonesia.
Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 2, p. 717-740, may 2024.
ISSN 2443-2067.
Available at: <https://journal.scadindependent.org/index.php/jipeuradeun/article/view/1104>. Date accessed: 07 oct. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v12i2.1104.
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