Posthumanism in Indonesian Short Stories and their Relevance to the Development of Critical Literacy
Abstract
Posthumanism discusses the uncertainty of humankind’s future and the changing perspectives on humanity and life. In the Indonesian context, the issues of posthumans have not been discussed, while the usage of robot and artificial intelligence technologies has been proliferating in the related industry for several years. This article discusses two Indonesian short stories, Andina Dwifatma’s “Linus Damono” (2018) and Erwin Setia’s “Cerita Dua Robot dan Pemuda Penyendiri” (2019). Close reading is used in the data collection and analysis of the two short stories. It reveals that the short stories display non-human subjects' narratives. The two short stories also show non-human subjects that are/ are not humanistic and humans’ (total?) control over non-human subjects. Hence, the two short stories present two contradictory concerns on the projection of the human future: utopia and dystopia. The issues revealed from the short stories are essential to create awareness of the potential benefits and threats of using robotic and artificial intelligence technologies. Furthermore, this article also shows that the two short stories can be used as reading materials to develop critical literacy on posthuman issues.
References
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Marques, E.M.D. (2013). I Sing the Body Dystopic: Utopia and Posthuman Corporeality in P.D. James’s The Children of Men. Ilha Do Desterro, 65, 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2013n65p29.
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Mrázek, R. (2018). Engineers of Happy Land. Princeton University Press.
Nichols, T.P., & Campano, G. (2017). Research & Policy: Post-Humanism and Literacy Studies. Language Arts, 94(4), 245-251. https://doi.org/10.58680/la201728951.
Nugraha, D. (2021). Pembelajaran Sastra di Sekolah: Sebelum, Selama, dan Sesudah Pandemi (Literature Learning in School: Before, During, and After the Pandemic). Jurnal Ilmiah Didaktika, 22(1), 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jid.v22i1.8708.
Nugraha, D., & Octavianah, D. (2020). Diskursus Literasi Abad 21 di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Edutama, 7(1), 107–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.30734/jpe.v7i1.789.
Nugraha, D., & Sufanti, M. (2023). Isu Terkini dalam Pembelajaran Sastra: Kelimpahan Informasi, Kecerdasan Buatan, dan Literasi Digital. Kajian Linguistik Dan Sastra, 8(1), 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/kls.v8i1.22024.
Nugraha, D., & Suyitno. (2020). Bagian yang Hilang dalam Pembicaraan Akademisi Indonesia tentang Sastra Siber. Komposisi, 21(1), 17–30. https://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/komposisi/article/view/108473.
Panteli, G. (2016). From Puppet to Cyborg: Posthuman and Postmodern Retellings of the Pinocchio Myth. UCL (University College London). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1528658/.
Pepperell, R. (2003). The Posthuman Condition: Consciousness Beyond the Brain. Intellect. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon.2004.37.4.347a.
Perkowitz, S. (2004). Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids. Joseph Henry Press.
Pordzik, R. (2012). Anthropocentrism and the Other of Technology in Anglo-American Science Fiction. Utopian Studies, 23(1), 142–161. https://doi.org/10.5325/utopianstudies.23.1.0142.
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Saccomano, D. (2014). How Close Is Close Reading?. Texas Journal of Literacy Education, 2(2), 140–147. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1110947.
Schmeink, L. (2016). Dystopia, Science Fiction, Posthumanism, and Liquid Modernity. Biopunk Dystopias: Genetic Engineering, Society and Science Fiction, 18-70. https://doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781383766.003.0002.
Seaman, T. (2015). Humanity in Posthuman Literature: The Mind-Body Connection and the Human Experience. BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects, Bridgewater State University. https://vc.bridgew.edu.
Setia, E. (2019). Cerita Dua Robot dan Pemuda Penyendiri. Koran Tempo. https://koran.tempo.co/read/sastra/442812/cerita-dua-robot-dan-pemuda-penyendiri.
Snaza, N., Appelbaum, P., Bayne, S., Carlson, D., Morris, M., Rotas, N., Sandlin, J., Wallin, J., & Weaver, J.A. (2014). Toward a Posthuman Education. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 30(2), 39–55. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/curriculum-facpubs/47.
Taylor, T., & Dorin, A. (2018). Past Visions of Artificial Futures: One Hundred and Fifty Years Under the Spectre of Evolving Machines. Artificial Life Conference Proceedings, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00022.
Wallace, J. (2010). Literature and Posthumanism. Literature Compass, 7(8), 692–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2010.00723.x.
Warwick, K. (2017). A Practical Guide to Posthumans. Journal of Posthuman Studies, 1(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.1.1.0061.
Wellner, G. (2018). Posthuman Imagination: From Modernity to Augmented Reality. Journal of Posthuman Studies, 2(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.2.1.0045.
Welsch, W. (2017). Postmodernism—Posthumanism—Evolutionary Anthropology. Journal of Posthuman Studies, 1(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.1.1.0075.
Wennemann, D. J. (2016). The Concept of the Posthuman: Chain of Being or Conceptual Saltus? Journal of Evolution and Technology, 26(2), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.55613/jeet.v26i2.57.
Braidotti, R. (2016). Posthuman Critical Theory. Critical posthumanism and Planetary Futures, 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3637-5_2.
Chohan, I. R. (2012). Identity, hyperreality and Science fiction: Matrix and Neuromancer (Dissertation). Retrieved from https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5779.
Coeckelbergh, M. (2017). Can Machines Create Art? Philosophy & Technology, 30(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-016-0231-5.
Colebrook, C. (2014). Death of the PostHuman: Essays on Extinction, 1. Open Humanities Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/ohp.12329362.0001.001.
Dakin, Caitlin. (2013). The Effects of Comprehension Through Close Reading. Education Masters. Paper 237.
https://fisherpub.sjf.edu/education_ETD_masters/237.
Danaher, J. (2019). The Philosophical Case for Robot Friendship. Journal of Posthuman Studies, 3(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.3.1.0005.
Datta, A. (2019). (Dis)abling Body and Consciousness: Technological Afterness and After-Humans in Realive and Upgrade. In Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, 58(2), 704–718. Scielo. https://doi.org/10.1590/010318135360515822019.
Dautenhahn, K., Woods, S., Kaouri, C., Walters, M.L., Koay, K.L., & Werry, I. (2005). "What is a robot companion - friend, assistant or butler?," 2005 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Edmonton, AB, Canada, pp. 1192-1197. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2005.1545189.
Dwifatma, A. (2018). Linus Damono. In Vice.com Indonesia. https://www.vice.com/id.
Emmeche, C. (2014). Robot Friendship: Can a Robot be a Friend? International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems (IJSSS), 3(2), 26–42. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSSS.2014070103.
Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Goode, K., & Kim, H.M. (2021). Indonesia’s AI Promise in Perspective. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, August, 28, 1–51. https://doi.org/10.51593/2021CA001.
Haney, W.S. (2006). Cyberculture, Cyborgs and Science Fiction: Consciousness and the Posthuman, 2. Rodopi.
Haney, W.S (2006). William Gibson’s Neuromancer: Technological Ambiguity. In Cyberculture, Cyborgs, and Science Fiction: Consciousness and the Posthuman, (pp. 92-112). Rodopi
Hayles, N.K. (1999). How We Became Posthuman. University of Chicago Press. Chicago III.
Hayles, N.K. (2003). Afterword: The Human in the Posthuman. Cultural Critique, 53(1), 134–137. https://doi.org/10.1353/cul.2003.0023.
Hayles, N.K. (2005). The Dream of Information: Escape and Constraint in the Bodies of Three Fictions. In My Mother Was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts (pp. 62–86). University of Chicago Press.
Humann, H.D. (2017). Technology and the Post Human Body in Fringe and Terminator: Salvation. Post-Scriptum Journal, 23.
Jänicke, S., Franzini, G., Cheema, M.F., & Scheuermann, G. (2015). On Close and Distant Reading in Digital Humanities: A Survey and Future Challenges. EuroVis (STARs) Report, 83–103.
Kallinikos, J. (2010). The “Age of Smart Machine”: A 21st Century View. Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, 1(1), 1097-1103.
Ken’ichi, G. (1996). Modern Japan and Indonesia the Dynamics and Legacy of Wartime Rule. Leiden, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, Japan, Indonesia and the WarMyths and Realities, 152, 536-552. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41017422
Kotásek, M. (2015). Artificial Intelligence in Science Fiction as a Model of the Posthuman Situation of Mankind. World Literature Studies, 7(4), 64–77. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=319492.
Kuitenbrouwer, J. (1979). Some Reflections on the Uses of Science and Technology in Indonesia (No. 72). https://repub.eur.nl/pub/38011/.
Leander, K.M., & Burriss, S.K. (2020). Critical Literacy for a Posthuman World: When People Read, and Become, with Machines. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(4), 1262–1276. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12924.
Mahmud, A. (2015). Post/Human Beings & Techno-Salvation: Exploring Artificial Intelligence in Selected Science Fictions. SOCRATES: An International, Multi-Lingual, Multi-Disciplinary, Refereed (Peer-Reviewed), Indexed Scholarly Journal, 3(2), 9–29. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5575865.
Marques, E.M.D. (2013). I Sing the Body Dystopic: Utopia and Posthuman Corporeality in P.D. James’s The Children of Men. Ilha Do Desterro, 65, 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2013n65p29.
Melson, G.F., Kahn, Jr, P.H.J., Beck, A., & Friedman, B. (2009). Robotic Pets in Human Lives: Implications for the Human–Animal Bond and for Human Relationships with Personified Technologies. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 545–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01613.x.
Micali, S. (2019). Towards a Posthuman Imagination in Literature and Media: Monsters, Mutants, Aliens, Artificial Beings. Peter Lang. https://usiena-air.unisi.it/handle/11365/1073181.
Mikalonytė, E.S., & Kneer, M. (2022). Can Artificial Intelligence Make Art?: Folk Intuitions as to whether AI-driven Robots Can be Viewed as Artists and Produce Art. ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction (THRI), 11(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3530875.
Mrázek, R. (2018). Engineers of Happy Land. Princeton University Press.
Nichols, T.P., & Campano, G. (2017). Research & Policy: Post-Humanism and Literacy Studies. Language Arts, 94(4), 245-251. https://doi.org/10.58680/la201728951.
Nugraha, D. (2021). Pembelajaran Sastra di Sekolah: Sebelum, Selama, dan Sesudah Pandemi (Literature Learning in School: Before, During, and After the Pandemic). Jurnal Ilmiah Didaktika, 22(1), 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jid.v22i1.8708.
Nugraha, D., & Octavianah, D. (2020). Diskursus Literasi Abad 21 di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Edutama, 7(1), 107–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.30734/jpe.v7i1.789.
Nugraha, D., & Sufanti, M. (2023). Isu Terkini dalam Pembelajaran Sastra: Kelimpahan Informasi, Kecerdasan Buatan, dan Literasi Digital. Kajian Linguistik Dan Sastra, 8(1), 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/kls.v8i1.22024.
Nugraha, D., & Suyitno. (2020). Bagian yang Hilang dalam Pembicaraan Akademisi Indonesia tentang Sastra Siber. Komposisi, 21(1), 17–30. https://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/komposisi/article/view/108473.
Panteli, G. (2016). From Puppet to Cyborg: Posthuman and Postmodern Retellings of the Pinocchio Myth. UCL (University College London). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1528658/.
Pepperell, R. (2003). The Posthuman Condition: Consciousness Beyond the Brain. Intellect. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon.2004.37.4.347a.
Perkowitz, S. (2004). Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids. Joseph Henry Press.
Pordzik, R. (2012). Anthropocentrism and the Other of Technology in Anglo-American Science Fiction. Utopian Studies, 23(1), 142–161. https://doi.org/10.5325/utopianstudies.23.1.0142.
Rahmawati, L.E., Prayitno, H.J., Wahyudi, A.B., Pratiwi, D.R., Nugraha, D., Beauty, M., Purnomo, E., Madani, T.S., Rahmatika, L., & Anggraini, D. (2022). Pendampingan Penguatan Literasi Digital di SD Muhammadiyah Program Khusus Baturan dan SD Muhammadiyah Plus Malangjiwan. Warta LPM, 25(4), 487–503. https://doi.org/10.23917/warta.v25i4.617.
Saccomano, D. (2014). How Close Is Close Reading?. Texas Journal of Literacy Education, 2(2), 140–147. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1110947.
Schmeink, L. (2016). Dystopia, Science Fiction, Posthumanism, and Liquid Modernity. Biopunk Dystopias: Genetic Engineering, Society and Science Fiction, 18-70. https://doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781383766.003.0002.
Seaman, T. (2015). Humanity in Posthuman Literature: The Mind-Body Connection and the Human Experience. BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects, Bridgewater State University. https://vc.bridgew.edu.
Setia, E. (2019). Cerita Dua Robot dan Pemuda Penyendiri. Koran Tempo. https://koran.tempo.co/read/sastra/442812/cerita-dua-robot-dan-pemuda-penyendiri.
Snaza, N., Appelbaum, P., Bayne, S., Carlson, D., Morris, M., Rotas, N., Sandlin, J., Wallin, J., & Weaver, J.A. (2014). Toward a Posthuman Education. Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, 30(2), 39–55. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/curriculum-facpubs/47.
Taylor, T., & Dorin, A. (2018). Past Visions of Artificial Futures: One Hundred and Fifty Years Under the Spectre of Evolving Machines. Artificial Life Conference Proceedings, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00022.
Wallace, J. (2010). Literature and Posthumanism. Literature Compass, 7(8), 692–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2010.00723.x.
Warwick, K. (2017). A Practical Guide to Posthumans. Journal of Posthuman Studies, 1(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.1.1.0061.
Wellner, G. (2018). Posthuman Imagination: From Modernity to Augmented Reality. Journal of Posthuman Studies, 2(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.2.1.0045.
Welsch, W. (2017). Postmodernism—Posthumanism—Evolutionary Anthropology. Journal of Posthuman Studies, 1(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.5325/jpoststud.1.1.0075.
Wennemann, D. J. (2016). The Concept of the Posthuman: Chain of Being or Conceptual Saltus? Journal of Evolution and Technology, 26(2), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.55613/jeet.v26i2.57.
Published
2024-05-30
How to Cite
NUGRAHA, Dipa.
Posthumanism in Indonesian Short Stories and their Relevance to the Development of Critical Literacy.
Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 2, p. 929-952, may 2024.
ISSN 2443-2067.
Available at: <https://journal.scadindependent.org/index.php/jipeuradeun/article/view/1162>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v12i2.1162.
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Articles
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