Forgetting (Al-Nisyān) Therapy: An Islamic Insight
Abstract
The capacity of memory in the brain to store, process, and recall information is truly a wondrous blessing. Forgetfulness may be a blessing from Allah to make life easier by allowing humans to forget bad events and shocks from the past. However, increased forgetfulness can lead to issues such as forgetting the Quran and other important information and being unable to concentrate. The questions that arose were how forgetfulness hinders humans in a variety of situations and circumstances, as well as its impact on living a healthy life. Using a descriptive qualitative method, this study investigated how Islam explains forgetting, its causes, and its cures from a scientific and spiritual standpoint. This study also revealed treatments that can be done to overcome this disease and circumvent negative impressions. This article found some tips to strengthen memory, such as reciting dhikr (remembrance), maintaining a well-balanced diet, reading books, memorizing the Quran, and participating in frequent prayer, which are all excellent ways to exercise a Muslim's mind.
References
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Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The Qualitative Content Analysis Process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
Eskritt, M., & Ma, S. (2014). Intentional Forgetting: Note-Taking as a Naturalistic Example. Memory & Cognition, 42(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-013-0362-1
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Morgan, D. L. (1993). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Guide to Paths Not Taken. Qualitative Health Research, 3(1), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239300300107
Moss, M., Cook, J., Wesnes, K., & Duckett, P. (2003). Aromas of Rosemary and Lavender Essential Oils Differentially Affect Cognition and Mood in Healthy Adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113(1), 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450390161903
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Nakamura, K. (1971). A structural Analysis of Dhikr and Nembutsu. Orient, pp. 7, 75–96. https://doi.org/10.5356/orient1960.7.75
Neath, I., & Nairne, J. S. (1995). Word-Length Effects in Immediate Memory: Overwriting Trace Decay Theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(4), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210981
Ody, P. (2000). The Complete Guide to Medicinal Herbs. London, UK: Dorling Kindersley.
Postman, L. (1961). The Present Status of Interference Theory. In C. N. Cofer & B. S. Musgrave (Eds.), Verbal learning and verbal behavior (pp. 152–196). McGraw-Hill Book Company. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/11182-007
Power, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Claudio, V., Tata, P., & Kentish, J. (2000). The Directed Forgetting Task: Application to Emotionally Valent Material. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1–3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00084-1
Qal‘ahjī, M. R., Qunaybī, Ḥ. S., & Sanū, Q. M. (1988). Mu‘jam Lughāt al-Fuqahā’. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Nafa’is.
Rummel, J., Marevic, I., & Kuhlmann, B. G. (2016). Investigating Storage and Retrieval Processes of Directed Forgetting: A Model-Based Approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(10), 1526–1543. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000266
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Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. New York, NY: Sage publications.
Shapiro, S., Lindsey, C., & Krishnan, H. S. (2006). Intentional Forgetting as a Facilitator for Recalling new Product Attributes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12(4), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.12.4.251
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Smith, A. (2004). The Brain’s Behind it: New Knowledge about the Brain and Learning. Stafford, UK: Network Educational Press Ltd.
Usman, A. H., & Abdul Kadir, M. N. (2020). Discussion on the Maqāṣid al-Qur’ān: Classical and Contemporary Intellectual Response. Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues, 5(1), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.53840/alirsyad.v5i1.67
Usman, A. H., Stapa, Z., & Abdullah, M. F. R. (2020). How to Deal with Workplace Stress: A Sufist Psychotherapy Approach. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(7), 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1735323
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Abū Shaybah, A. B. (2004). Al-Muṣannaf li Ibn Abī Shaybah. Riyadh, KSA: Maktabat Rushd.
Ahmad Badran, A. H. (2010). Cara Islami Mencerdaskan Otak: Mengoptimalkan Daya Ingat dengan Zikrullah. Solo, Indonesia: Pustaka Iltizam.
al-Baghdādī, K. (1983). Al-Jāmi‘ li Akhlāq al-Rāwī wa Ādābi al-Sāmi‘ (Vol. 2). Riyadh, KSA: Maktabah al-Ma‘arif.
al-Dārimī, ‘A. R. (2000). Musnad al-Dārimī. Riyadh, KSA: Dar al-Mughni.
al-Ghazālī, A. Ḥ. (1998). Iḥyā’ ‘Ulum al-Dīn (Vol. 3). Cairo, Egypt: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi.
al-Hararī, M. A. (2001). Tafsīr Ḥadā’iq al-Rūḥ al-Rayḥān fī Rawābi ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān (Vol. 4). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Tawq al-Najah.
al-Jawharī, A. N. (1956). al-Ṣiḥāḥ: Tāj al-Lughah wa Ṣiḥāḥ al-‘Arabiyyah (Vols 2, 8). Beirut, Lebanon: Dār al-‘Ilm Lilmalayin.
al-Jawziyyah, I. Q. (1990). Al-Ṭibb al-Nabawī (Vol. 1). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kitab al-‘Arabi.
al-Kaffāwī, A. B. (1998). al-Kulliyāt: Mu‘jam fī al-Muṣṭalaḥāt wa al-Furūq al-Lughawiyyah. Beirut, Lebanon: Mu’assasah al-Risalah.
al-Marāghī, A. M. (1974). Tafsir al-Marāghī (Vol. 30). Cairo, Egypt: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi.
al-Najātī, M. ‘U. (1993). Al-Qur’ān wa ‘Īlm al-Nafs. Cairo, Egypt: Dar al-Shuruq.
al-Qushayrī, ‘A. K. (2004). Principles of Sufism (B. R. Von Schlegell, Trans.). Oneonta, NY: Mizan Press.
al-Rāzī, F. D. (1981). Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr (Vol. 15). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr.
al-Shanqīṭī, M. A. (1995). Adwā’ al-Bayān fī Īḍāḥ al-Qur’ān bi al-Qur’ān (Vols 2, 3, 4, 8). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr.
al-Sha‘rāwī, M. M. (n.d.). Tafsīr al-Sha‘rāwī. Cairo, Egypt: Akhbar al-Yawm.
al-Sharbīnī, K. (1996). Al-Bujayramī ‘alā al-Khaṭīb. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
al-Suyūṭī, J. ‘A. (2004). Medicine of the Prophet. London, UK: Taha Publishers Ltd.
al-Ṭabarī, J. (2002). Tafsīr al-Ṭabarī (Vols 13, 14). Cairo, Egypt: Mu’assasat al-Risalah.
al-Tha‘ālabī, A. M. (1997). Tafsīr al-Tha‘ālabī (Vols 2, 5). Beirut, Lebanon: Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.
al-Zamakhsharī, A. Q. (1998). Al-Kashshāf (Vol. 2). Riyadh, KSA: Maktabah ‘Abikan.
al-Zarnūjī, B. D. (1986). Ta‘līm al-Muta‘allim Ṭariqa al-Ta‘allumi. Cairo, Egypt: Maktabah al-Quran.
al-Zubaydī, M. M. (1965). Tāj al-‘Arūs min Jawāhir al-Qamūs (Vols 1, 15, 40). Kuwait: Maktabah al-‘Arabi.
Anderson, M. C. (2003). Rethinking Interference Theory: Executive Control and the Mechanisms of Forgetting. Journal of Memory and Language, 49(4), 415–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006
Ayad, A. (2008). Healing Body and Soul. Riyadh, KSA: International Islamic Publication House.
Baddeley, A. (1990). Human Memory: Theory and practice. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Ballard, J. (2010). Forgetfulness and Older Adults: A Concept Analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(6), 1409–1419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05279.x.
Basden, B. H., Basden, D. R., & Gargano, G. J. (1993). Directed Forgetting in Implicit and Explicit Memory Tests: A Comparison of Methods. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(3), 603–616. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0278-7393.19.3.603
Brown, J. (1958). Some Tests of the Decay Theory of Immediate Memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470215808416249
Carter, D., & Rashidi, A. (2003). A Theoretical Model of Psychotherapy: Eastern Asian-Islamic Women with Mental Illness. Health Care for Women International, 24(5), 399–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399330390212180
Cherry, K. (2021, January). The Psychology of Forgetting and Why Memory Fails. https://www.verywellmind.com/forgetting-about-psychology-2795034
Chevrier, M. R., Ryan, A. E., Lee, D. Y.-W., Zhongze, M., Wu-Yan, Z., & Via, C. S. (2005). Boswellia Carterii Extract Inhibits TH1 Cytokines and Promotes TH2 Cytokines in Vitro. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 12(5), 575–580. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.12.5.575-580.2005
Costa, P., & Goodwin, R. (2006). The Role of Religion in Human Values: A Case Study. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 27(3), 341–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670601001215
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approach. New York, NY: Sage publications.
Downe‐Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content Analysis: Method, Applications, and Issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The Qualitative Content Analysis Process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
Eskritt, M., & Ma, S. (2014). Intentional Forgetting: Note-Taking as a Naturalistic Example. Memory & Cognition, 42(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-013-0362-1
Fāris, A. (2002). Mu‘jam Maqāyis al-Lughah (Vols 1, 5). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Fikr.
Gallo, J. J., & Wittink, M. N. (2006). Cognitive Assessment. In J. J. Gallo, H. R. Bogner, T. Fulmer, & G. J. Paveza (Eds.), Handbook of Geriatric Assessment (pp. 105–143). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Geels, A. (1996). A Note on the Psychology of Dhikr: The Halveti-Jerrahi Order of Dervishes in Istanbul. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6(4), 229–251. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0604_1
Harnishfeger, K. K., & Pope, R. S. (1996). Intending to Forget: The Development of Cognitive Inhibition in Directed Forgetting. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 62(2), 292–315. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1996.0032
Hertel, P. T., & Gerstle, M. (2003). Depressive Deficits in Forgetting. Psychological Science, 14(6), 573–578. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1467.x
Hunter, I. M. L. (1974). Memory. London, UK: Penguin Books.
Ibn al-Jawzī, ‘A. R. (1984). Zād al-Masir fī ‘Ilm al-Tafsīr (Vol. 8). Beirut, Lebanon: Maktab al-Islami.
Ibn ‘Aṭiyyah, ‘A. Ḥ. (2001). Al-Muḥarrar al-Wajīz fī Tafsīr al-Kitāb al-‘Azīz (Vols 1, 4). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Ibn Kathīr, A. F. (2000). Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm (Vol. 9). Ghiza, Egypt: Mu’assasat Qurtubah.
Ibn Manẓūr, M. M. (2008). Lisān al-‘Arab (Vols 24, 36). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Sadir.
Morgan, D. L. (1993). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Guide to Paths Not Taken. Qualitative Health Research, 3(1), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239300300107
Moss, M., Cook, J., Wesnes, K., & Duckett, P. (2003). Aromas of Rosemary and Lavender Essential Oils Differentially Affect Cognition and Mood in Healthy Adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113(1), 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450390161903
Muṣṭafā, I., al-Zayyāt, A. Ḥ, ‘Abd al-Qadīr, Ḥ, & al-Najjār, M. ‘A. (2008). Al-Mu‘jam al-Wasīṭ. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi.
Nakamura, K. (1971). A structural Analysis of Dhikr and Nembutsu. Orient, pp. 7, 75–96. https://doi.org/10.5356/orient1960.7.75
Neath, I., & Nairne, J. S. (1995). Word-Length Effects in Immediate Memory: Overwriting Trace Decay Theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(4), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210981
Ody, P. (2000). The Complete Guide to Medicinal Herbs. London, UK: Dorling Kindersley.
Postman, L. (1961). The Present Status of Interference Theory. In C. N. Cofer & B. S. Musgrave (Eds.), Verbal learning and verbal behavior (pp. 152–196). McGraw-Hill Book Company. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/11182-007
Power, M. J., Dalgleish, T., Claudio, V., Tata, P., & Kentish, J. (2000). The Directed Forgetting Task: Application to Emotionally Valent Material. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1–3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00084-1
Qal‘ahjī, M. R., Qunaybī, Ḥ. S., & Sanū, Q. M. (1988). Mu‘jam Lughāt al-Fuqahā’. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Nafa’is.
Rummel, J., Marevic, I., & Kuhlmann, B. G. (2016). Investigating Storage and Retrieval Processes of Directed Forgetting: A Model-Based Approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(10), 1526–1543. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000266
Sachedina, A. (1999). Can God Inflict Unrequited Pain on His Creatures? Muslim Perspectives on Health and Suffering. In J. R. Hinnells & R. Porter (Eds.), Religion Health & Suffering. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203039243
Schimmel, A. (2011). Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust.
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. New York, NY: Sage publications.
Shapiro, S., Lindsey, C., & Krishnan, H. S. (2006). Intentional Forgetting as a Facilitator for Recalling new Product Attributes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12(4), 251–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.12.4.251
Skinner, R. (2019). Traditions, Paradigms and Basic Concepts in Islamic Psychology. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(4), 1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0595-1
Smith, A. (2004). The Brain’s Behind it: New Knowledge about the Brain and Learning. Stafford, UK: Network Educational Press Ltd.
Usman, A. H., & Abdul Kadir, M. N. (2020). Discussion on the Maqāṣid al-Qur’ān: Classical and Contemporary Intellectual Response. Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues, 5(1), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.53840/alirsyad.v5i1.67
Usman, A. H., Stapa, Z., & Abdullah, M. F. R. (2020). How to Deal with Workplace Stress: A Sufist Psychotherapy Approach. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(7), 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1735323
Utz, A. (2011). Psychology from the Islamic Perspective. Riyadh, KSA: International Islamic Publishing House.
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Published
2023-01-30
How to Cite
USMAN, Abur Hamdi; ABDULLAH, Mohd Farid Ravi.
Forgetting (Al-Nisyān) Therapy: An Islamic Insight.
Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 1, p. 59-80, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2443-2067.
Available at: <https://journal.scadindependent.org/index.php/jipeuradeun/article/view/770>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v11i1.770.
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Articles
URN
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