Conflict and Displacement: The Life Stories of Internally Displaced Families (IDFs)
Abstract
Internal displacement is a global phenomenon that generates massive effects on humanity. The Philippines is one country prone to internal displacement, ranging from natural causes to conflict-induced displacement. The armed conflict that transpired in an urban city in Mindanao, Philippines, produced unimaginable outcomes for the lives of internally displaced families (IDFs). Thus, exploring their experiences yields a broader grasp of internal displacement. Since the topic of internal displacement is intermittently concentrated, the study could provide supplementary literature in the field of social sciences, particularly in studying displacement. The study utilized phenomenological inquiry to delve into the lived experiences and coping mechanisms of the IDFs during their displacement. Through Colaizzi’s thematic analysis, findings were depicted in six (6) emergent themes. As to the participants’ experiences, the themes were: Terror Brings Deep Stress, Inhumanity of War, and Displacement in Laden with Adversities. The themes detailed the inhumane repercussions of conflict-induced displacement. Nevertheless, the IDFs remarkably subdued these adversities through their coping mechanisms, which were thematically described as Patience Beats Obstacles, Positivity Survives Difficulty, and Tightened Faith.
References
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Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R.S. (1988). Manual for theWays of Coping Questionnaire Research Edition. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Coping and Emotion. In Stress and coping: An anthology, 207-227. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/mona92982-018.
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Ghorpade, Y. (2012). Coping Strategies in Natural Disasters and Under Conflict: A Review of Household Responses and Notes for Public Policy. HICN Working Papers, (136), 1-17.
Guiam, R.C. (2013). Gender and Livelihoods among Internally Displaced Persons in Mindanao, Philippines. Brookings-LSE Project on Internal Displacement.
Hardgrove, A. (2009). Liberian Refugee Families in Ghana: The Implications of Family Demands and Capabilities for Return to Liberia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 (4), 483-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fep029.
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Karanika, K. & Hogg, M.K. (2016). Being Kind to Ourselves: Self-Compassion, Coping, and Consumption. Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, 69(2), 760-769.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.07.042.
Krohne, H.W. (2001). Stress and coping theories. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 22, 15163-15170. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03817-1.
La Morte, W.W. (2019). The Social Cognitive Theory. Behavioral Change Models. Boston University of Public Health. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu.
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive Theories of Stress and the Issue of Circularity. In Dynamics of stress: Physiological, Psychological and Social Perspectives.Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5122-1_4.
Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer Publishing Company.
Lazarus, R.S. & Launier, R. (1978).Stress-Related Transactions between Person and Environment. In Perspectives in Interactional Psychology. Plenum. Boston, MA: Springer US. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-3997-7_12.
Lee, E.S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3. 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063.
Mahapatra, L.K. (1999). Testing the Risks and Reconstruction Model on India’s Resettlement Experiences. The Economics of Involuntary Resettlement: Questions and Challenges, 189-230.
Piguet, E. (2018). Theories of Voluntary and Forced Migration. In Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration, 17-28. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315638843.
Richmond, A.H. (1988). Sociological Theories of International Migration: The Case of Refugees. Current Sociology, 36(2), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/001139288036002004.
Richmond, A.H. (1993). Reactive Migration: Sociological Perspectives on Refugee Movements. Journal of Refugee Studies, 6 (1),7-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/6.1.7.
Seguin, M., Lewis, R., Razmadze, M., Amirejibi, T. & Roberts, B. (2017). Coping Strategies of Internally Displaced Women in Georgia: A Qualitative Study. Social Science & Medicine, 194, 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.014.
Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J. & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the Structure of Coping: A Review and Critique of Category Systems for Classifying Ways of Coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216–269.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216.
Taylor, S.E., Pham, L.B., Rivkin, I.D., & Armor, D.A. (1998). Harnessing the Imagination: Mental Simulation, Self-Regulation, and Coping. American Psychologist, 53(4), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.4.429.
UN High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Philippines: Mindanao Displacement Dashboard, 61. https://reliefweb.int.
UN High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Zamboanga-City-Five-Years-After-the-Siege. https://reliefweb.int.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (n. d.). Internal Displacement. https://www.unocha.org/themes/internal-displacement.
Veloso, D.T.M. (2017). Multiple Marginalization and Gender-Based Violence in Post-Conflict Settings: The Experiences of IDPs in Zamboanga City.10th DLSU Arts Congress. De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
Worldwide, C. (2018). Conflict and Displacement: Voices of Displacement and Return in Central African Republics Neglected Crisis. https://reliefweb.int.
Ajuwon, P., Lechtenberger, D., Griffin-Shirley, N., Sokolosky, S., Zhou, L. &Mullins, F. (2012). General Education Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptionsof Including Students with Disabilities in their Classrooms. InternationalJournal of Special Education, 27(3), 100-107. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1001063.
Akhunzada, W.A., Qadir, A., Maqsood N., Rasool, G.,& Rahman, R. (2015). Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs): Anxiety and Depression. Professional Medical Journal, 22(3),337-342. https://doi.org/10.29309/TPMJ/2015.22.03.1352.
Albarazi, Z., & van Waas, L. (2016). Norwegian Refugee Council/ Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (NRC/IDMC). Understanding Statelessness in the Syria Refugee Context. https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/idmc/2016/en/100569.
Alifuddin, M., Chaer, M. T., & Sukatin, S. (2021). Mitigation-Based Enlightenment Da’wah (Social Movement of MDMC Sulawesi-Southeast in Psychological Assistance to COVID-19 Survivors). International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology, 2(1), 86–106. https://doi.org/10.18196/ijiep.v2i1.11759.
Anderson, B. (1992). The New World Disorder. New Left Review, 3-13. https://newleftreview.org/issues/i193/articles/benedict-anderson-the-new-world-disorder.pdf.
Bandura, A. (1986). SocialFoundationsofThoughtandAction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986(23-28). 2.
Bandura, A. (1989). Human Agency in Social Cognitive Theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175–1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175.
Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3.
Birkeland, N. (2009). Internal Displacement: Global Trends in Conflict-Induced Displacement. International Review of the Red Cross, 91(875). https://www.alnap.org.
Borjalilu, S. (2023). The efficacy of Persian Version of Mindfulness-Based Stress Management app (Aramgar) for college’s mindfulness skills and perceived stress. International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology, 4(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.18196/ijiep.v4i1.16513.
Bradley, M. & Cohen, R. (2010). Disasters and Displacement: Gaps in Protection. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 1(1), 95-142. https://brill.com/view/journals/ihls/1/1/article-p95_4.xml.
Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.F., & Weintraub, J.K. (1989). Assessing Coping Strategies: A Theoretically Based Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267.
Cernea, M.M. & McDowell, C. (2000). Risks and Reconstruction: Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4444-7.
Cernea, M.M. (2007). IRR: An Operational Risks Reduction Model for Population Resettlement. Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment, 1, 35-39.https://doi.org/10.3126/hn.v1i0.883.
Cernea, M.M. (2021). The Risks and Reconstruction Model for Resettling Displaced Populations. Social development in the World Bank, 235-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57426-0_16#DOI.
Cernea, M.M., (2004). Impoverishment Risks, Risk Management, and Reconstruction: A Model of Population Displacement and Resettlement. In UN Symposium on Hydropower and Sustainable Development, 27. Bejing: United Nations.
Cherry, K. (2019). Self-Efficacy and why Believing in Yourself Matters. Verywellmind.
Cohen, R. & Deng, F.M. (2012). Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement. Rowman & Littlefield.
Creswell, J. (1998). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Designs: Choosing Among five Traditions. Sage Publications.
Deng, F.M. (1998). Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Francis M. Deng, Submitted Pursuant to Commission Resolution 1997/39. Addendum: Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.E/CN, 4(1998), 53. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/251017?ln=en.
Disaster Summary Sheet. (2012). Disaster Summary Sheet Armed Conflict. https://reliefweb.int.
Docena, P.S. (2015). Adaptive Coping, Resilience, and Absence of Anxiety among Displaced Disaster Survivors. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 27-49. https://pap.ph/pjp?vol=48.
Eggerman, M. & Panter-Brick, C. (2010). Suffering, Hope, and Entrapment: Resilience and Cultural Values in Afghanistan. Social Science & Medicine, 71(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R.S. (1988). Manual for theWays of Coping Questionnaire Research Edition. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Folkman, S. & Lazarus, R.S. (1991). Coping and Emotion. In Stress and coping: An anthology, 207-227. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/mona92982-018.
Folkman, S. (2010). 22 Stress, Health, and Coping: synthesis, commentary, and future directions. The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping, Chapter 22, Page 453. Oxford University.
Ghimere, A. & Upreti, B.R. (2010). Conflict Induced Displacement: An Emerging Phenomenon of Internal Migration in Nepal. In book: Livelihood Insecurity and Social Conflict in Nepal. Chapter: 5. Publisher: NCCR
Ghorpade, Y. (2012). Coping Strategies in Natural Disasters and Under Conflict: A Review of Household Responses and Notes for Public Policy. HICN Working Papers, (136), 1-17.
Guiam, R.C. (2013). Gender and Livelihoods among Internally Displaced Persons in Mindanao, Philippines. Brookings-LSE Project on Internal Displacement.
Hardgrove, A. (2009). Liberian Refugee Families in Ghana: The Implications of Family Demands and Capabilities for Return to Liberia. Journal of Refugee Studies, 22 (4), 483-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fep029.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Center. (2018). The ripple Effect: Economic Impacts of Internal Displacement. https://www.internal-displacement.org.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. (n. d.).Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. https://www.internal-displacement.org.
Karanika, K. & Hogg, M.K. (2016). Being Kind to Ourselves: Self-Compassion, Coping, and Consumption. Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, 69(2), 760-769.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.07.042.
Krohne, H.W. (2001). Stress and coping theories. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 22, 15163-15170. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03817-1.
La Morte, W.W. (2019). The Social Cognitive Theory. Behavioral Change Models. Boston University of Public Health. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu.
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive Theories of Stress and the Issue of Circularity. In Dynamics of stress: Physiological, Psychological and Social Perspectives.Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5122-1_4.
Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer Publishing Company.
Lazarus, R.S. & Launier, R. (1978).Stress-Related Transactions between Person and Environment. In Perspectives in Interactional Psychology. Plenum. Boston, MA: Springer US. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-3997-7_12.
Lee, E.S. (1966). A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3. 47-57. https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063.
Mahapatra, L.K. (1999). Testing the Risks and Reconstruction Model on India’s Resettlement Experiences. The Economics of Involuntary Resettlement: Questions and Challenges, 189-230.
Piguet, E. (2018). Theories of Voluntary and Forced Migration. In Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration, 17-28. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315638843.
Richmond, A.H. (1988). Sociological Theories of International Migration: The Case of Refugees. Current Sociology, 36(2), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/001139288036002004.
Richmond, A.H. (1993). Reactive Migration: Sociological Perspectives on Refugee Movements. Journal of Refugee Studies, 6 (1),7-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/6.1.7.
Seguin, M., Lewis, R., Razmadze, M., Amirejibi, T. & Roberts, B. (2017). Coping Strategies of Internally Displaced Women in Georgia: A Qualitative Study. Social Science & Medicine, 194, 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.014.
Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J. & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the Structure of Coping: A Review and Critique of Category Systems for Classifying Ways of Coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216–269.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216.
Taylor, S.E., Pham, L.B., Rivkin, I.D., & Armor, D.A. (1998). Harnessing the Imagination: Mental Simulation, Self-Regulation, and Coping. American Psychologist, 53(4), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.4.429.
UN High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Philippines: Mindanao Displacement Dashboard, 61. https://reliefweb.int.
UN High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Zamboanga-City-Five-Years-After-the-Siege. https://reliefweb.int.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (n. d.). Internal Displacement. https://www.unocha.org/themes/internal-displacement.
Veloso, D.T.M. (2017). Multiple Marginalization and Gender-Based Violence in Post-Conflict Settings: The Experiences of IDPs in Zamboanga City.10th DLSU Arts Congress. De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
Worldwide, C. (2018). Conflict and Displacement: Voices of Displacement and Return in Central African Republics Neglected Crisis. https://reliefweb.int.
Published
2024-05-30
How to Cite
TEVES, Mary Melmar G..
Conflict and Displacement: The Life Stories of Internally Displaced Families (IDFs).
Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 2, p. 855-876, may 2024.
ISSN 2443-2067.
Available at: <https://journal.scadindependent.org/index.php/jipeuradeun/article/view/1102>. Date accessed: 07 oct. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v12i2.1102.
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Articles
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