Balancing Digital Justice and Individual Rights: Comparative Criminal Court Transformation in Indonesia and Uzbekistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v14i3.2911Keywords:
Digital Criminal Justice, Institutional Asynchrony, Individual Rights, Judicial Digitalisation, Socio-Legal ComparisonAbstract
The rapid digitalisation of criminal justice promises greater efficiency and accessibility but also creates procedural risks when technological innovation outpaces safeguards for individual rights. Despite expanding scholarship on digital courts, comparative evidence remains limited on how different institutional trajectories shape the relationship between judicial technology and procedural protection in emerging Asian legal systems. This study examines how digital criminal proceedings affect individual rights in Indonesia and Uzbekistan and identifies the institutional conditions required for rights-sensitive digital justice. Using a qualitative comparative socio-legal design, the study analyses legislation, judicial and policy documents, official materials, and relevant scholarly literature through thematic content analysis and structured comparison. The findings reveal contrasting trajectories: Indonesia combines relatively established digital judicial infrastructure with fragmented criminal-specific regulation, whereas Uzbekistan pursues a more centrally coordinated Digital Court transformation while procedural safeguards continue to evolve. Across both systems, electronic evidence, remote hearings, digital case management, and AI-assisted tools generate efficiency and transparency gains but also risks concerning evidentiary reliability, meaningful participation, digital inequality, and human oversight. The study conceptualises this mismatch as institutional asynchrony, providing a comparative framework for designing accountable, contestable, and rights-sensitive digital justice beyond technologically consolidated jurisdictions.
References
Adams, M., & Bomhoff, J. (2012). Comparing Law: Practice and Theory (pp. 1–21). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511863301.001
Adisti, N. A., Nashriana, N., Murilah, I., & Mardiansyah, A. (2021). Pelaksanaan Persidangan Perkara Pidana secara Elektronik pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Pengadilan Negeri Kota Palembang. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 18(2), 222–232. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v18i2.768
Amarini, I., Saefudin, Y., Kartini, I., Marsitiningsih, M., & Ismail, N. (2023). Digital Transformation: Creating an Effective and Efficient Court in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Legality, 31(2), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i2.28013
Amini, A. (2024). Religious Tradition and Technology: Debate among Penghulus about Online Marriage Law in Banjarmasin. Journal of Islamic Law, 5(1), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v5i1.2187
Andini, O. G., Kurnia, M. P., Nilasari, N., & Andiki, G. B. (2023). The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Effective Electronic Criminal Trials: A Comparative Study. Journal of Human Rights Culture and Legal System, 3(2), 185–209. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v3i2.57
Aniyozova, D., & Münir, K. (2025). Topography of Human Subjects Research Ethics in Uzbekistan: Analysis using the Emanuel Benchmarks. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1177/15562646251383010
Ariani, N., Suharyo, S., Sosiawan, U., Yuliyanto, Y., Nasution, H., & Narindrani, F. (2021). The Implementation of the Law of Criminal Procedure in Judicial Process During the Covid-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210506.028
Arias, P. (2020). Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning: A Model for a New Judicial System? Revista Internacional Jurídica y Empresarial, (3), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.32466/eufv-r.i.j.e.2020.3.593.81-91
Bukido, R., Azzochrah, N. A., Zakariah, A. A., & Paikah, N. (2025). Divorce Among Female Muslim Civil Servants: Legal Perspectives in Indonesia. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 25(1), 85–116. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v25i1.85-116
Cheong, I. (2025). How can AI Augment Access to Justice? Public Defenders’ Perspectives on AI Adoption. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.22933
Feeley, M. (2007). Legality, Social Research, and the Challenge of Institutional Review Boards. Law & Society Review, 41(4), 757–776. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2007.00322.x
Gupta, G., & Husain, A. (2023). Digital Evidence in Police Investigation: A Comparative Analysis of Challenges Faced in India, the UK and the United States. Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice, 6(2), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/25166069231184977
Hadianto, Z., Riza, M., Moenta, A. P., & Azisa, N. (2024). Reconstruction and Formulation of Wiring Authority by The Prosecutor in Corruption Crimes. International Journal of Religion, 5(10), 1961–1968. https://doi.org/10.61707/kfyy2e57
Hedler, L. (2023). Time, Law, and Tech: The Introduction of Algorithms to Courts of Law. Copenhagen Business School [Phd]. https://doi.org/10.22439/phd.17.2023
Isfihani, A. E., Izomiddin, Antasari, R. R., & Is, M. S. (2024). Political Law of Electronic System Implementation in Indonesia. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah dan Masyarakat, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v24i1.22672
Ismail, I., & Ariffin, K. (2025). The Admissibility of Digital Evidence from Open-Source Forensic Tools: Development of a Framework for Legal Acceptance. PLOS ONE, 20(9), e0331683. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331683
Jatna, R. N., Firmansyah, Hasbullah, & Razak, M. U. B. A. (2025). Strengthening the Business Judgment Rule in Indonesia: Lessons from Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues, 3(3), 568–589. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v3i3.157
Junaidi, M. (2023). Virtual Criminal Court: A Paradigm Shift in Indonesian Criminal Procedure. Arrus Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(2), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.35877/soshum1759
Khamzakhonov, S. (2026). The Digital Transformation of Prosecutorial Systems: A Comparative Study of England and Wales and the Republic of Uzbekistan. Central Asian Journal of Academic Research, 4(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18160574
Khudoynazarov, D. (2022). Issues of Introducing Digital Technologies into the Activities of Courts. The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 3(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume04issue01-01
Kusumo, B. A., Rustambekovich, R. I., Nusratilloyevich, Y. A., & Kamolovich, X. B. (2025). Corporate Crime Prevention Through Sustainable Governance and Regulatory Reform. Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues, 3(3), 616–640. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v3i3.168
Kolkman, D., Bex, F., Narayan, N., & Put, M. van der. (2024). Justitia Ex Machina: The Impact of an AI System on Legal Decision-Making and Discretionary Authority. Big Data & Society, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517241255101
Komilov, B. (2021). New Judicial Reform in New Uzbekistan (pp. 1–8). https://doi.org/10.37547/iscrc-intconf11-01
Kusbianto, K., & Zaen, P. P. M. (2023). Application of Legal Procedures in the Examination of the E-Court System. Legalpreneur Journal, 2(1), 122–132. https://doi.org/10.46576/lpj.v2i1.3719
Kusmayanti, H., Kania, D., Prasetyoningsih, N., & Zainol, Z. A. (2023). Judges’ Acceptance of Sharia-Inspired Laws in Indonesia. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 17(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v17i2.7716
Maliki, I. A., Ali, Z. Z., & Khusaini, M. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and the Law: The use of Artificial Intelligence as a tool to Assist Judges in Deciding Polygamy Cases. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah dan Masyarakat, 23(2), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v23i2.20152
Mania, K. (2022). Legal Technology: Assessment of the Legal Tech Industry’s Potential. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(2), 595–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00924-z
Matyas, D., Wills, P., & Dewitt, B. (2022). Imagining Resilient Courts: From COVID-19 to the Future of Canada’s Court System. Canadian Public Policy, 48(1), 186–208. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2021-015
Michalska, M. (2023). The Right to a Fair Trial and the Administration of Justice in the Polish Judiciary System During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International and Comparative Law Review, 23(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2023-0021
Mujib, A. (2025). The Failure of Indonesian E-Commerce Law in Adapting to Digital Economy. Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan, 25(2), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v25i2.213-230
Mukhtar, M., & Lailam, T. (2023). Accountability and Transparency of the Electronic Court and Litigation Systems in Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum, 39(2), 157. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v39i2.32552
Murodovich, S. (2021). Judicial and Legal Reforms at a New Stage. The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 3(7), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue07-06
Nelson, F., Hendrawati, I., & A’yun, R. (2023). Finding the Truth in a Virtual Courtroom: Criminal Trials in Indonesia during the COVID-19. Sriwijaya Law Review, 228–243. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol7.iss2.2465.pp228-243
Nematov, J. (2023). The Analysis of the Legislation Governing the Judicial and Legal Reforms of the Republic of Uzbekistan from 2017 to the Present. The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 5(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume05issue04-09
Papp, D., Krausz, B., & Gyuranecz, F. (2022). The AI is Now in Session – The Impact of Digitalisation on Courts. Cybersecurity and Law, 7(1), 272–296. https://doi.org/10.35467/cal/151833
Pastrana, Á. (2020). The Proposal on Electronic Evidence in the European Union. Eucrim, 15(1), 46–50. https://doi.org/10.30709/eucrim-2020-004
Prahassacitta, V., & Monica, A. (2023). Between Fair and Speedy Trial: E-court during Pandemic and a Challenge in Society 5.0. E3S Web of Conferences, 426, 02109. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342602109
Priel, D. (2023). Ways of Explaining Law. Modern Law Review, 87(2), 497–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12863
Putra, D. (2020). A Modern Judicial System in Indonesia: Legal Breakthrough of E-Court and E-Legal Proceeding. Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan, 9(2), 275–297. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.9.2.2020.275-297
Rakha, N. (2024). Cybercrime and the Law: Addressing the Challenges of Digital Forensics in Criminal Investigations. Mexican Law Review, 23–54. https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2024.2.18892
Ramadhan, M., & Alam, S. (2023). Legal Validity of Teleconference Witness in Indonesia’s Criminal Justice System. Ius Poenale, 4(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.25041/ip.v4i2.3157
Ramos, V., Anagnostakis, A., Barletta, A., Tehver, J., & Canestrini, N. (2021). European Criminal Bar Association Statement of Principles on the use of Video-Conferencing in Criminal Cases. New Journal of European Criminal Law, 12(3), 476–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844211013541
Riyawan, D., Clarence, J., & Lexmana, M. (2023). Law in the Era of Digitalization and Covid-19 Pandemic. Veteran Law Review, 641–53. https://doi.org/10.35586/velrev.v6ispecialissues.4817
Rusakova, E. (2024). The Evolution of Digital Legal Proceedings in African Countries. RUDN Journal of Law, 28(2), 424–435. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2024-28-2-424-435
Sachoulidou, A. (2023). Going Beyond the “Common Suspects”: To be Presumed Innocent in the Era of Algorithms, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence and Law. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-023-09347-w
Sakowicz, A., & Zieliński, S. (2024). Towards a Digitalised Criminal Justice System. Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v10i2.995
Saputra, R., Setiodjati, J., & Barkhuizen, J. (2023). Under-Legislation in Electronic Trials and Renewing Criminal Law Enforcement in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 8(1), 243–288. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v8i1.67632
Setiawan, H., Handayani, I. G. A. K. R., Hamzah, M. G., & Tegnan, H. (2024). Digitalization of Legal Transformation on Judicial Review in the Constitutional Court. Journal of Human Rights Culture and Legal System, 4(2), 263–298. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.263
Sibarani, W. (2023). Modern Justice: Indonesia’s Supreme Court’s Challenges to Uphold Fair Trial Principles through Digitalization. Brawijaya Law Journal, 10(1), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.blj.2023.010.01.07
Souza, S. P. de, & Spohr, M. (2021). Technology, Innovation and Access to Justice. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474473880
Sujadmiko, B., Meutia, I., Kurniawan, D., & Mardenitami, A. (2021). The Urgency of Digital Right Management on Personal Data Protection. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 10(1), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i1.990
Suyunova, D., & Shamsutdinov, B. (2021). Digitalization of Criminal Proceedings in the Context of the Coronavirus Pandemic. Medico-Legal Update, 21(2), 455–459. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v21i2.2723
Sukmayanti, M. S., & Gorda, A. N. T. R. (2026). Implementation of Substantive Justice in Juvenile Serious Crime Cases in Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues, 4(2), 715–744. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v4i2.372
Syahr, Z., Sally, N., & Albana, M. (2023). The Bailiff’s Services in the Electronic Judicial era in Indonesia. Transforming Government, 17(3), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1108/tg-01-2023-0014
Tampubolon, Y. S. H., Murwadji, T., & Sudaryat. (2024). Implementation of Legal Quality Audit on Electronic Civil Trial Procedures (E-Court). Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(7), 1412–1433. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i7.4304
Tejerizo, M. (2023). Digital Evidence and Fair Trial Rights at the International Criminal Court. Leiden Journal of International Law, 36(3), 749–769. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0922156523000031
Terzidou, K. (2023). The Evolution of the Perception of Artificial Intelligence in the EU: The Case of Judicial Administration. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4633945
Thommandru, A., & Маратович, Ф. (2024). Leveraging New Emerging Technologies to Enhance the Anticorruption Arsenal. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(3), 2024058. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024058
Tobia, K. (2020). Experimental Jurisprudence. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3680107
Trajanovska, V., & Peovska, N. (2022). Challenges in the Processes of Criminal Trials and Detention Caused by COVID-19 (pp. 131–142). https://doi.org/10.20544/icp.3.7.22.p11
Turanov, D. A. (2025). Perspectives and Risks of Artificial Intelligence in the Judicial System of Uzbekistan in the Context of International Experience. European Review of Contemporary Arts and Humanities, 1(2), 8–11.
Tutik, T. T., Abdul Aziz Nugraha Pratama, Iwan Permadi, & Tony Hanoraga. (2026). Mixed Marriage Without Agreements In Indonesia’s Bawean-Gresik Muslim Community: A Legal Pluralism Perspective. Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 26(1), 171–204. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v26i1.171-204
Urinboyev, R., & Doğan, E. (2024). Navigating Legal Uncertainty and Informality in Authoritarian Regimes. Central Asian Affairs, 10(4), 349–371. https://doi.org/10.30965/22142290-bja10052
Usman, M., Yahya, A., Jafar, M., Darmawan, D., & Kurdi, M. (2023). Law Enforcement of Jinayat Cases in Syar’iyah Court in Aceh Province Indonesia during COVID-19 pandemic. UUM Journal of Legal Studies, 14(2), 457–482. https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2023.14.2.2
Vargas-Murillo, A., Pari-Bedoya, I., Turriate-Guzmán, A., Delgado-Chávez, C., & Sanchez-Paucar, F. (2024). Transforming Justice: Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Legal Systems. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 13(2), 433. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2024-0059
Vicoli, D. (2024). Editorial do Dossiê “Digitalização e Justiça Penal: Aspectos Procedimentais”. Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v10i2.1061
Wang, N., & Tian, M. (2022). “Intelligent Justice”: Human-Centered Considerations in China’s Legal AI Transformation. AI and Ethics, 3(2), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00202-3
Werdiningsih, M. (2022). Pembaharuan Hukum Acara Pidana tentang Persidangan Online dalam Keadaan Darurat. Widya Yuridika, 5(2), 413. https://doi.org/10.31328/wy.v5i2.3633
Xavier, P. R. S. (2024). Smartjustice, Process and Evidence: Special Reference to its use in the Court of Appeal. Revista Brasileira De Direito Processual Penal, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.22197/rbdpp.v10i2.1006
Yusnita, E., Yuswalina, & Toriq, M. (2024). Embracing e-Court Innovation: Advancing Maslahah Mursalah in Indonesia’s Religious Courts. Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah dan Masyarakat, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v24i2.24744
Zhao, W. (2024). Legal Methodology from the Perspective of Jurisprudence. International Journal of Frontiers in Sociology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.25236/ijfs.2024.060111
Размєтаєва, Ю., & Філатова-Білоус, Н. (2024). European Fundamental Values in the Digital Era. https://doi.org/10.31359/9786178518073
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Rustamaji, Behruz Shamsutdinov, Dildora Bazarova, Abdul Kadir Jaelani (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: (1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC-BY-SA) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal; (2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal; (3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website), as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
